Take your mother’s medication list and count the lines. More than five is average. More than ten and you are in a situation with a precise medical name — polypharmacy — and it is itself a risk factor, in the same way smoking or high blood pressure is.
The way people get there is almost always the same, and nobody in particular is at fault. She moved in on eight medications. Then one restless night, and something was added to help her sleep. Then hip pain and an anti-inflammatory. Then a stomach protector to cover the anti-inflammatory. The cardiologist adds, the orthopaedic surgeon adds, the emergency department adds after a fall. Every single prescription is reasonable on its own. Nobody has the job of looking at the whole list and taking things off it.
This article explains how to ask for that review, who to ask, what to bring, and the words that make it actually happen.
The prescribing cascade, or how one pill becomes two
There is a phenomenon worth knowing about, because once you have seen it you cannot unsee it: the prescribing cascade.
It works like this. A blood pressure medication causes swollen ankles. The swelling is read as a new problem, so a diuretic is added. The diuretic has her up three times a night. The night-time trips lead to a fall. After the fall a sedative is added «to keep her calm». The sedative increases confusion and the risk of falling again.
Four medications, three of which exist only to treat the effects of the first. It is more common than it sounds, and spotting it is half the work: whenever a new symptom appears, the first question should be «could this be a medication?», not «which medication do we add?».
The signs that say «let us look at the medications»
Before putting everything down to age or dementia, ask yourself whether something new has appeared in recent months:
- confusion or disorientation that appeared or worsened relatively quickly
- daytime drowsiness, head nodding, difficulty staying awake after lunch
- falls, or that unsteady walk families describe as «she has been walking badly for a while»
- loss of appetite, dry mouth, stubborn constipation
- dizziness on standing
- a decline that began after a hospital stay — the moment when medications are most often changed
None of these signs *proves* the medications are to blame. But every one of them justifies a question.
The review that already exists in your parent’s home
In most provinces, long-term care homes are required to have a pharmacy service provider review each resident’s medications on a set schedule — quarterly in several provinces, and more often when there is a change in condition. The exact rule depends on where you live, but the principle is the same everywhere: the review usually already happened. What is missing is that anyone told you what it found.
So the question is not «could someone look at her medications?» It is:
> «When was the last pharmacist medication review, what was flagged, and what was done about it?»
Canada is also, quietly, one of the world leaders in deprescribing — the structured, evidence-based process of reducing or stopping medications that are no longer helping. There are published Canadian algorithms for exactly the drug classes listed below, and physicians and pharmacists know them. Using the word «deprescribing» in your request signals that you are asking for something specific and recognised, not simply complaining about the number of pills.
If your parent is still living at home, most provinces cover an annual medication review with a community pharmacist — MedsCheck in Ontario, and equivalents elsewhere. It is free and it is booked by phone.
The document to ask for, and the column that reveals everything
Ask in writing for the complete, current medication list: drug name, dose, timing, indication, start date, and prescriber.
It is that date column that reveals everything. Something started «for a few days» to help her sleep in March two years ago and never revisited is the single most common line of all, and the easiest to put right.
Ask as well who is responsible for the medications: the home’s attending physician or medical director, or the family doctor she had before. Each often assumes the other is reviewing, and in between nobody reviews.
The medications that deserve the most attention in older adults
This is not a list of things to stop — only a physician decides that. It is the list of things worth asking about, because the geriatric literature flags them as the most problematic after seventy-five:
- Benzodiazepines and sleeping pills: they increase the risk of falls and worsen memory and alertness. They are also the hardest to come off, and any reduction must be gradual, never abrupt. Canadian deprescribing guidelines for this class are among the best established anywhere.
- Antipsychotics in dementia: prescribed for agitation or aggression, but in dementia they raise the risk of stroke and death. Guidance allows them only for short periods and with regular review — not «for months, because she was agitated». Their use in long-term care is publicly reported for exactly this reason.
- Anticholinergic medications: many antihistamines, some older antidepressants, treatments for overactive bladder. Taken together they add up to an «anticholinergic burden» that causes confusion, dry mouth and constipation.
- NSAIDs taken continuously: hard on the kidneys, the stomach and blood pressure, and in older adults the kidneys already work less well.
- Proton pump inhibitors (stomach protectors) continued for years without a current reason: very often started to cover another medication, and never stopped when that medication ended.
- Diabetes and blood pressure medications aimed too tightly: in a ninety-year-old, «perfect» numbers can do more harm than good. When age and condition change, the treatment target changes too.
There are well-known reference lists of medications to use with caution in older adults. Quoting them is not the point: asking for a structured review and a date is.
The best moment to ask
After a hospital stay. On the way back the medication list has almost always changed, often without anyone comparing the new list with the old one. Ask explicitly for medication reconciliation between the pre-admission list and the discharge list, and ask in writing: this is where duplicates accumulate.
Other useful moments: after a fall, after an episode of confusion, after weight loss, and at every care conference — you have the right to take part in those, and they are the natural place to put this on the agenda.
Who to ask, in order
1. The attending physician or medical director, through the Director of Care if you cannot reach them directly. They are the one who can actually change an order.
2. The home’s pharmacist, whose scheduled review is described above. Ask the Director of Care to relay a request for the findings.
3. The community pharmacist. They can check interactions across everything she takes, which no single specialist does, because each one only sees their own prescriptions. In several provinces pharmacists can also adapt or renew prescriptions themselves.
4. A geriatrician. The only specialty trained to look at the whole picture rather than one organ. In a complex situation, one geriatric consult is worth three separate specialist visits.
How to ask, in practice
The difference between a request that lands and one that drifts is entirely in the framing. Do not ask «isn’t she on too many pills?» — that is an opinion, and opinions can be waved away.
Ask for a dedicated meeting and bring three things: the complete list (including supplements, drops, eye drops and anything over the counter, which are almost always missing from official lists), the list of new symptoms with dates, and this question:
> «I would like a full review of her medications. For each one: why is she on it, since when, and is there still a reason to continue it today?»
That is a question a clinician can answer, and it is framed as a clinical request rather than a suspicion. The second useful sentence:
> «Could any of these symptoms be side effects? Could we try deprescribing one and see what happens?»
And the third, which closes it:
> «Can we set a date to go through the medications together?»
As with any request in a long-term care home, put it in writing. A ten-line email with the list and the dates exists; a question asked in the hallway does not.
What to ask for, in writing
- A full medication review, with a written outcome: what stays, what is reduced, what is stopped, and with what monitoring.
- A review date for every medication started «for a few days».
- The rationale for every sedative or antipsychotic, with the date of the next review.
- That changes are communicated to you if you are the substitute decision-maker or the designated family contact. You only need to put that in writing once.
The three things never to do
Never stop anything yourself. Some medications — benzodiazepines, steroids, anti-seizure drugs, antidepressants, beta-blockers — cause withdrawal reactions, sometimes serious ones, if stopped abruptly. Reduction is gradual and must be supervised.
Do not expect everything to be taken away. A good review stops one or two medications and adjusts the doses of others. If it stops only one, but that one is the benzodiazepine that was causing the falls, it was an excellent review.
Do not turn it into an accusation. «You are giving her too many pills» closes the conversation. «I would like to understand whether any of these could come off» opens it.
If nothing happens
Write to the administrator with a date by which you expect a reply, and copy the Director of Care. Raise it at the Family Council if the home has one. If nothing comes, every province has a complaints and inspection line for long-term care, and several have a patient or seniors advocate as well. And talk to the physician: a review request coming from the doctor carries more weight than ten requests from the family.
Why it is worth it
A proper review is not an administrative detail: in very old people, removing unnecessary medications often means fewer falls, less confusion, more appetite and more lucid hours in the day.
Many families describe the same scene a few weeks later: «she started talking again», «she woke up». It was not the dementia advancing. It was the pills.
In short
- Polypharmacy accumulates because every specialist adds and nobody has the job of taking away.
- Recognise the prescribing cascade: faced with a new symptom, first ask «could this be a medication?».
- A scheduled pharmacist medication review already exists in most provinces — ask what the last one found.
- Use the word deprescribing: it names a recognised process rather than a complaint.
- The best moment is after a hospital stay: ask for medication reconciliation.
- Never stop anything on your own.
Looking for a long-term care home that actually keeps on top of medications? Not every home has the same level of clinical oversight, and it is not something you will find on their websites. With Curalune Care Help (CA$99, one-time) we read your father’s or mother’s situation — conditions, medications, needs — and within 24 business hours we send you 3 to 5 suitable homes in your area, with contacts, links and a ready-to-send message you can put to all of them at once. Start here.
*Prescribing rules, review schedules and inspection responsibilities are set provincially and depend on how each home is run, and are updated regularly. Never stop or change medication on your own initiative: speak to the physician and the pharmacist. This article is general information and is not a substitute for medical or legal advice. Curalune does not allocate beds and cannot guarantee availability.*